Non-volatile memory is a type of computer memory that can retain stored information even when the power is turned off. This is in contrast to volatile memory, such as RAM, which loses its data when power is disconnected. Non-volatile memory is used for permanent storage of data in devices such as solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, and memory cards. It is essential for maintaining long-term data integrity and enables fast boot-up times and data access in electronic devices. Research in non-volatile memory focuses on improving storage capacity, durability, speed, and energy efficiency of these memory technologies. Some common types of non-volatile memory include NAND flash memory, magnetic storage drives, and emerging technologies like resistive random-access memory (RRAM) and phase-change memory (PCM).